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These mapping missions combined to collect bathymetry from about the 10-m isobath to beyond the 3-nautical-mile limit of California's State Waters.Bathymetric contours at 10-m intervals were generated from a modified 2-m bathymetric surface. The original surface was smoothed using the Focal Mean tool in ArcGIS and a circular neighborhood with a radius of 20 to 30 meters (depending on the area). The contours were generated from this smoothed surface using the ArcGIS Spatial Analyst Contour tool. The most continuous contour segments were preserved while smaller segments and isolated island polygons were excluded from the final output. The contours were then clipped to the boundary of the map area. 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The vector data file is included in \"Faults_OffshorePacifica.zip,\" which is accessible from http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/OffshorePacifica/data_catalog_OffshorePacifica.html. The Offshore of Pacifica map area straddles the right-lateral transform boundary between the North American and Pacific plates and is cut by several active faults that cumulatively form a distributed shear zone, including the San Andreas Fault, the eastern strand of the San Gregorio Fault, the Golden Gate Fault, and the Potato Patch Fault. These faults are covered by Holocene sediments (mostly units Qms, Qmsb, Qmst) with no seafloor expression, and are mapped using seismic-reflection data. The San Andreas Fault is the primary plate-boundary structure and extends northwest across the map area; it intersects the shoreline 10 km north of the map area at Pacifica Lagoon, and 3 km south of the map area at Mussel Rock. This section of the San Andreas Fault has an estimated slip rate of 17 to 24 mm/yr (U.S. Geological Survey, 2010), and the devastating Great 1906 California earthquake (M 7.8) is thought to have nucleated on the San Andreas a few kilometers offshore of San Francisco within the map area. The San Andreas Fault forms the boundary between two distinct basement terranes, Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous rocks of the Franciscan Complex to the east, and Late Cretaceous granitic and older metamorphic rocks of the Salinian block to the west. Franciscan Complex rocks (unit KJf, undivided) form seafloor outcrops at and north of Point Lobos adjacent to onland exposures. The Franciscan is divided into 13 different units for the onshore portion of this geologic map based on different lithologies and ages, but the unit cannot be similarly divided in the offshore because of a lack of direct observation and (or) sampling. Faults were primarily mapped by interpretation of seismic reflection profile data (see S-15-10-NC and F-2-07-NC). 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The vector data file is included in \"Folds_OffshorePacifica.zip,\" which is accessible from http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/OffshorePacifica/data_catalog_OffshorePacifica.html. The Offshore of Pacifica map area straddles the right-lateral transform boundary between the North American and Pacific plates and is cut by several active faults that cumulatively form a distributed shear zone, including the San Andreas Fault, the eastern strand of the San Gregorio Fault, the Golden Gate Fault, and the Potato Patch Fault. These faults are covered by Holocene sediments (mostly units Qms, Qmsb, Qmst) with no seafloor expression, and are mapped using seismic-reflection data. The San Andreas Fault is the primary plate-boundary structure and extends northwest across the map area; it intersects the shoreline 10 km north of the map area at Pacifica Lagoon, and 3 km south of the map area at Mussel Rock. This section of the San Andreas Fault has an estimated slip rate of 17 to 24 mm/yr (U.S. Geological Survey, 2010), and the devastating Great 1906 California earthquake (M 7.8) is thought to have nucleated on the San Andreas a few kilometers offshore of San Francisco within the map area. The San Andreas Fault forms the boundary between two distinct basement terranes, Upper Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous rocks of the Franciscan Complex to the east, and Late Cretaceous granitic and older metamorphic rocks of the Salinian block to the west. Franciscan Complex rocks (unit KJf, undivided) form seafloor outcrops at and north of Point Lobos adjacent to onland exposures. The Franciscan is divided into 13 different units for the onshore portion of this geologic map based on different lithologies and ages, but the unit cannot be similarly divided in the offshore because of a lack of direct observation and (or) sampling. Folds were primarily mapped by interpretation of seismic reflection profile data (see S-15-10-NC and F-2-07-NC). 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The vector data file is included in \"Geology_OffshorePacifica.zip,\" which is accessible from http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/OffshorePacifica/data_catalog_OffshorePacifica.html. The continental shelf within California\u2019s State waters in the Pacifica area is shallow (water depths of 0 to about 40 m) and flat continental shelf with a very gentle (less than 0.5 degrees) offshore dip. The morphology and geology of this shelf result from the interplay between local tectonics, sea-level rise, sedimentary processes, and oceanography. Tectonic influences are related to local faulting and uplift (see below). Sea level has risen about 125 to 130 m over the last about 21,000 years, leading to progressive eastward migration (a few tens of km) of the shoreline and wave-cut platform, and associated transgressive erosion and deposition. The Offshore of Pacifica map area is now mainly an open shelf that is subjected to full, and sometimes severe, Pacific Ocean wave energy and strong currents. Most of the offshore map area is covered by marine sediments; artificial fill (unit af) occurs only at the site of the Pacifica Pier. Given their relatively shallow depths and exposure to high wave energy, modern shelf deposits are mostly sand (unit Qms). More coarse-grained sands and gravels (units Qmss and Qmsc) are primarily recognized on the basis of bathymetry and high backscatter (Bathymetry--Offshore of Pacifica map area, California, and Backscatter--Offshore of Pacifica map area, California). Unit Qmsc occurs as nearshore bars (less than 12 m water depth) for about two kilometers north of Mussel Rock and more locally offshore Pacifica, and in two isolated patches farther offshore at about 25 m water depth. Unit Qmss forms erosional lags in features known as \u201crippled scour depressions\u201d (for example, Cacchione and others, 1984) or \u201csorted bedforms\u201d, at water depths of about 15 to 25 m, in contact with offshore bedrock uplifts and unit Qms. Such features are common along this stretch of the California coast where offshore sandy sediment can be relatively thin (thus unable to fill the depressions) due to both lack of sediment supply from rivers and to significant sediment erosion and offshore transport during large winter storms. Although the general areas in which both unit Qmss scour depressions and unit Qmsc bars occur are not likely to change substantially, the boundaries of the unit(s) are likely ephemeral, changing seasonally and during significant storm events. Areas where shelf sediments form thin (less than 2 m) veneers over low relief bedrock of the Franciscan Complex (see below) occur in the northern half of the map and are mapped as unit Qms/KJf. This hybrid unit is recognized and delineated based on the combination of flat relief, continuity with moderate to high relief onshore or offshore bedrock outcrops, high-resolution seismic-reflection data, and in some cases moderate to high backscatter. The thin sediment layer is regarded as ephemeral and dynamic, and may or may not be present at a specific location based on storms, seasonal to annual patterns of sediment movement, or longer-term climate cycles. In a nearby, similarly high-energy setting, Storlazzi and others (2011) have described seasonal burial and exhumation of submerged bedrock in northern Monterey Bay. Offshore bedrock exposed at the seafloor is mapped as Jurassic and Cretaceous Franciscan Complex, undivided (unit KJf); Cretaceous granite (unit Kgr); Tertiary and (or) Cretaceous rock, undivided (unit TKu); unnamed sansdstone, shale and conglomerate of Paleocene age (unit Tss); and the Upper Miocene and Pliocene Purisima Formation (unit Tp). These units are delineated by extending outcrops and trends from mapped onshore geology and from their distinctive surface textures as revealed by high-resolution bathymetry (Bathymetry--Offshore of Pacifica map area, California). Purisima Formation outcrops in the southernmost part of the offshore map area form distinctive \"ribs\", caused by differential erosion of variably resistant, interbedded lithologies (for example, sandstone and mudstone). In contrast, granitic rocks have a densely cross-fractured, rough surface texture, and both the Franciscan Complex and the unnamed Paleocene sedimentary unit have a more masssive, irregular, and smoother surface texture. Purisima Formation outcrops occur in water as deep as 35 m, whereas other bedrock units occur in shallower (less than 20 m) water depths, most commonly adjacent to coastal points underlain by bedrock (for example, Pedro Point and Montara Point). Map unit polygons were digitized over underlying 2-meter base layers developed from multibeam bathymetry and backscatter data. 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The vector data file is included in \"Habitat_OffshorePacifica.zip,\" which is accessible from http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/OffshorePacifica/data_catalog_OffshorePacifica.html. Using multibeam echosounder (MBES) bathymetry and backscatter data, potential marine benthic habitat maps were constructed. The habitats were based on substrate types and documented or \"ground truthed\" using underwater video images and seafloor samples obtained by the USGS. These maps display various habitat types that range from flat, soft, unconsolidated sediment-covered seafloor to hard, deformed (folded), or highly rugose and differentially eroded bedrock exposures. Rugged, high-relief, rocky outcrops that have been eroded to form ledges and small caves are ideal habitat for rockfish (Sebastes spp.) and other bottom fish such as lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus). Habitat map is presented in a map format generated in a GIS (ArcMap), and both digital and hard-copy versions will be produced.", "geometryType": "esriGeometryPolygon", "sourceSpatialReference": { "wkid": 102100, "latestWkid": 3857 }, "copyrightText": "", "parentLayer": null, "subLayers": [], "minScale": 0, "maxScale": 0, "drawingInfo": { "renderer": { "type": "uniqueValue", "field1": "HABCODE", "field2": null, "field3": null, "defaultSymbol": null, "defaultLabel": null, "uniqueValueInfos": [ { "symbol": { "type": "esriSFS", "style": "esriSFSSolid", "color": [ 255, 255, 77, 255 ], "outline": { "type": "esriSLS", "style": "esriSLSSolid", "color": [ 130, 130, 130, 255 ], "width": 0.4 } }, "value": "Ss(s)_r/u", "label": "Ss(s)_r/u", "description": "" }, { "symbol": { "type": "esriSFS", "style": "esriSFSSolid", "color": [ 153, 235, 0, 255 ], "outline": { "type": "esriSLS", "style": "esriSLSSolid", "color": [ 130, 130, 130, 255 ], "width": 0.4 } }, "value": "Ss(s/g)h_u", "label": 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The raster data file is included in \"SeafloorCharacter_OffshorePacifica.zip,\" which is accessible from http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/OffshorePacifica/data_catalog_OffshorePacifica.html. This raster-format seafloor-character map shows four substrate classes of Offshore of Pacifica, California. The substrate classes mapped in this area have been further divided into the following California Marine Life Protection Act depth zones and slope classes: Depth Zone 2 (intertidal to 30 m), Depth Zone 3 (30 to 100 m), and Slope Class 1 (0 degrees - 5 degrees). Depth Zone 1 (intertidal), Depth Zones 4-5 (greater than 100 m), and Slopes Classes 2-4 (greater than 5 degrees) are not present in the region covered by this block. The map is created using a supervised classification method described by Cochrane (2008), available at http://doc.nprb.org/web/research/research%20pubs/615_habitat_mapping_workshop/Individual%20Chapters%20High-Res/Ch13%20Cochrane.pdf.", "geometryType": null, "copyrightText": "", "parentLayer": null, "subLayers": [], "minScale": 0, "maxScale": 0, "defaultVisibility": true, "extent": { "xmin": -1.3646561647909684E7, "ymin": 4514730.366447269, "xmax": -1.3636145647909684E7, "ymax": 4537458.366447269, "spatialReference": { "wkid": 102100, "latestWkid": 3857 } }, "hasAttachments": false, "htmlPopupType": "esriServerHTMLPopupTypeNone", "displayField": "", "typeIdField": null, "subtypeFieldName": null, "subtypeField": null, "defaultSubtypeCode": null, "fields": null, "geometryField": {}, "indexes": [], "subtypes": [], "relationships": [], "canModifyLayer": false, "canScaleSymbols": false, "hasLabels": false, "capabilities": "Map,Query", "supportsStatistics": false, "supportsAdvancedQueries": false, "supportedQueryFormats": "JSON, AMF, geoJSON", "isDataVersioned": false, "ownershipBasedAccessControlForFeatures": {"allowOthersToQuery": true}, "useStandardizedQueries": true, "advancedQueryCapabilities": { "useStandardizedQueries": true, "supportsStatistics": false, "supportsHavingClause": false, "supportsCountDistinct": false, "supportsOrderBy": false, "supportsDistinct": false, "supportsPagination": false, "supportsTrueCurve": false, "supportsReturningQueryExtent": true, "supportsQueryWithDistance": true, "supportsSqlExpression": false }, "supportsCoordinatesQuantization": true }, { "currentVersion": 10.61, "id": 6, "name": "BathymetryHS_OffshorePacifica.tif", "type": "Raster Layer", "description": "This part of DS 781 presents data for the bathymetry and shaded-relief maps of Offshore Pacifica, California. The raster data file is included in \"BathymetryHS_OffshorePacifica.zip,\" which is accessible from http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/OffshorePacifica/data_catalog_OffshorePacifica.html. The bathymetry and shaded-relief maps of Offshore Pacifica, California, were generated from bathymetry data collected by Fugro Pelagos, and by California State University, Monterey Bay (CSUMB). Mapping was completed between 2005 and 2007, using a combination of 400-kHz Reson 7125 and 244-kHz Reson 8101 multibeam echosounders. These mapping missions combined to collect bathymetry from about the 10-m isobath to beyond the 3-nautical-mile limit of California\u2019s State Waters.", "geometryType": null, "copyrightText": "", "parentLayer": null, "subLayers": [], "minScale": 0, "maxScale": 0, "defaultVisibility": true, "extent": { "xmin": -1.3653070480579244E7, "ymin": 4514676.58068969, "xmax": -1.3630348480579244E7, "ymax": 4537488.58068969, "spatialReference": { "wkid": 102100, "latestWkid": 3857 } }, "hasAttachments": false, "htmlPopupType": "esriServerHTMLPopupTypeNone", "displayField": "", "typeIdField": null, "subtypeFieldName": null, "subtypeField": null, "defaultSubtypeCode": null, "fields": null, "geometryField": {}, "indexes": [], "subtypes": [], "relationships": [], "canModifyLayer": false, "canScaleSymbols": false, "hasLabels": false, "capabilities": "Map,Query", "supportsStatistics": false, "supportsAdvancedQueries": false, "supportedQueryFormats": "JSON, AMF, geoJSON", "isDataVersioned": false, "ownershipBasedAccessControlForFeatures": {"allowOthersToQuery": true}, "useStandardizedQueries": true, "advancedQueryCapabilities": { "useStandardizedQueries": true, "supportsStatistics": false, "supportsHavingClause": false, "supportsCountDistinct": false, "supportsOrderBy": false, "supportsDistinct": false, "supportsPagination": false, "supportsTrueCurve": false, "supportsReturningQueryExtent": true, "supportsQueryWithDistance": true, "supportsSqlExpression": false }, "supportsCoordinatesQuantization": true }, { "currentVersion": 10.61, "id": 7, "name": "BackscatterA_8101_OffshorePacifica.tif", "type": "Raster Layer", "description": "This part of DS 781 presents data for the acoustic-backscatter map of Offshore of Pacifica map area, California. Backscatter data are provided as two separate grids depending on mapping system. The raster data files are included in \"BackscatterA_8101_OffshorePacifica.zip,\" which is accessible from http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/OffshorePacifica/data_catalog_OffshorePacifica.html. The acoustic-backscatter map of the Offshore of Pacifica, California was generated from backscatter data collected by Fugro Pelagos and by California State University, Monterey Bay (CSUMB). Mapping was completed between 2005 and 2007, using a combination of 400-kHz Reson 7125 and 244-kHz Reson 8101 multibeam echosounders. Within the final imagery, brighter tones indicate higher backscatter intensity, and darker tones indicate lower backscatter intensity. The intensity represents a complex interaction between the acoustic pulse and the seafloor, as well as characteristics within the shallow subsurface, providing a general indication of seafloor texture and composition. Backscatter intensity depends on the acoustic source level; the frequency used to image the seafloor; the grazing angle; the composition and character of the seafloor, including grain size, water content, bulk density, and seafloor roughness; and some biological cover. Harder and rougher bottom types such as rocky outcrops or coarse sediment typically return stronger intensities (high backscatter, lighter tones), whereas softer bottom types such as fine sediment return weaker intensities (low backscatter, darker tones).", "geometryType": null, "copyrightText": "", "parentLayer": null, "subLayers": [], "minScale": 0, "maxScale": 0, "defaultVisibility": true, "extent": { "xmin": -1.3653070480579244E7, "ymin": 4514676.58068969, "xmax": -1.3630348480579244E7, "ymax": 4537488.58068969, "spatialReference": { "wkid": 102100, "latestWkid": 3857 } }, "hasAttachments": false, "htmlPopupType": "esriServerHTMLPopupTypeNone", "displayField": "", "typeIdField": null, "subtypeFieldName": null, "subtypeField": null, "defaultSubtypeCode": null, "fields": null, "geometryField": {}, "indexes": [], "subtypes": [], "relationships": [], "canModifyLayer": false, "canScaleSymbols": false, "hasLabels": false, "capabilities": "Map,Query", "supportsStatistics": false, "supportsAdvancedQueries": false, "supportedQueryFormats": "JSON, AMF, geoJSON", "isDataVersioned": false, "ownershipBasedAccessControlForFeatures": {"allowOthersToQuery": true}, "useStandardizedQueries": true, "advancedQueryCapabilities": { "useStandardizedQueries": true, "supportsStatistics": false, "supportsHavingClause": false, "supportsCountDistinct": false, "supportsOrderBy": false, "supportsDistinct": false, "supportsPagination": false, "supportsTrueCurve": false, "supportsReturningQueryExtent": true, "supportsQueryWithDistance": true, "supportsSqlExpression": false }, "supportsCoordinatesQuantization": true }, { "currentVersion": 10.61, "id": 8, "name": "BackscatterB_7125_OffshorePacifica.tif", "type": "Raster Layer", "description": "This part of DS 781 presents data for the acoustic-backscatter map of Offshore of Pacifica map area, California. Backscatter data are provided as two separate grids depending on mapping system. The raster data files are included in \"Backscatter7125_OffshorePacifica.zip,\" which is accessible from http://pubs.usgs.gov/ds/781/OffshorePacifica/data_catalog_OffshorePacifica.html. The acoustic-backscatter map of the Offshore of Pacifica, California was generated from backscatter data collected by Fugro Pelagos and by California State University, Monterey Bay (CSUMB). Mapping was completed between 2005 and 2007, using a combination of 400-kHz Reson 7125 and 244-kHz Reson 8101 multibeam echosounders. Within the final imagery, brighter tones indicate higher backscatter intensity, and darker tones indicate lower backscatter intensity. The intensity represents a complex interaction between the acoustic pulse and the seafloor, as well as characteristics within the shallow subsurface, providing a general indication of seafloor texture and composition. Backscatter intensity depends on the acoustic source level; the frequency used to image the seafloor; the grazing angle; the composition and character of the seafloor, including grain size, water content, bulk density, and seafloor roughness; and some biological cover. 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